Mise en œuvre de Gaussian Blur - comment calculer la matrice de convolution (noyau)

c'est aussi simple que ça en a l'air:

double sigma = 1;
int W = 5;
double kernel[W][W];
double mean = W/2;
double sum = 0.0; // For accumulating the kernel values
for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) 
    for (int y = 0; y < W; ++y) {
        kernel[x][y] = exp( -0.5 * (pow((x-mean)/sigma, 2.0) + pow((y-mean)/sigma,2.0)) )
                         / (2 * M_PI * sigma * sigma);

        // Accumulate the kernel values
        sum += kernel[x][y];
    }

// Normalize the kernel
for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) 
    for (int y = 0; y < W; ++y)
        kernel[x][y] /= sum;

pour implémenter le gaussian blur vous prenez simplement la fonction gaussian function et calculez une valeur pour chacun des éléments de votre noyau.

habituellement, vous voulez assigner le poids maximum à l'élément central de votre noyau et des valeurs proches de zéro pour les éléments aux frontières du noyau. Cela implique que le noyau doit avoir une hauteur impaire (resp. largeur) pour s'assurer qu'il y a effectivement un élément central.

pour calculer les éléments réels du noyau, vous pouvez ajuster la cloche gaussienne à la grille du noyau (choisissez un arbitraire par exemple sigma = 1 et une plage arbitraire par exemple -2*sigma ... 2*sigma ) et la normaliser, S. T. les éléments se résument à un. Pour atteindre cet objectif, si vous voulez soutenir arbitraire noyau de tailles, vous pouvez adapter le sigma à la taille du noyau.

voici un exemple de C++:

#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

double gaussian( double x, double mu, double sigma ) {
    const double a = ( x - mu ) / sigma;
    return std::exp( -0.5 * a * a );
}

typedef std::vector<double> kernel_row;
typedef std::vector<kernel_row> kernel_type;

kernel_type produce2dGaussianKernel (int kernelRadius) {
  double sigma = kernelRadius/2.;
  kernel_type kernel2d(2*kernelRadius+1, kernel_row(2*kernelRadius+1));
  double sum = 0;
  // compute values
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++) {
      double x = gaussian(row, kernelRadius, sigma)
               * gaussian(col, kernelRadius, sigma);
      kernel2d[row][col] = x;
      sum += x;
    }
  // normalize
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++)
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
      kernel2d[row][col] /= sum;
  return kernel2d;
}

int main() {
  kernel_type kernel2d = produce2dGaussianKernel(3);
  std::cout << std::setprecision(5) << std::fixed;
  for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
    for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
      std::cout << kernel2d[row][col] << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
  }
}

la sortie est:

$ g++ test.cc && ./a.out
0.00134 0.00408 0.00794 0.00992 0.00794 0.00408 0.00134 
0.00408 0.01238 0.02412 0.03012 0.02412 0.01238 0.00408 
0.00794 0.02412 0.04698 0.05867 0.04698 0.02412 0.00794 
0.00992 0.03012 0.05867 0.07327 0.05867 0.03012 0.00992 
0.00794 0.02412 0.04698 0.05867 0.04698 0.02412 0.00794 
0.00408 0.01238 0.02412 0.03012 0.02412 0.01238 0.00408 
0.00134 0.00408 0.00794 0.00992 0.00794 0.00408 0.00134 

comme simplification, vous n'avez pas besoin d'utiliser un noyau 2d. Plus facile à mettre en œuvre et aussi plus efficace à calculer est d'utiliser deux noyaux 1D orthogonaux. Ceci est possible grâce à l'associativité de ce type de convolution linéaire (séparabilité linéaire). Vous pouvez aussi vouloir voir cette section de l'article Wikipédia correspondant.

Voici la même chose en Python (dans l'espoir que quelqu'un pourrait le trouver utile):

from math import exp

def gaussian(x, mu, sigma):
  return exp( -(((x-mu)/(sigma))**2)/2.0 )

#kernel_height, kernel_width = 7, 7
kernel_radius = 3 # for an 7x7 filter
sigma = kernel_radius/2. # for [-2*sigma, 2*sigma]

# compute the actual kernel elements
hkernel = [gaussian(x, kernel_radius, sigma) for x in range(2*kernel_radius+1)]
vkernel = [x for x in hkernel]
kernel2d = [[xh*xv for xh in hkernel] for xv in vkernel]

# normalize the kernel elements
kernelsum = sum([sum(row) for row in kernel2d])
kernel2d = [[x/kernelsum for x in row] for row in kernel2d]

for line in kernel2d:
  print ["%.3f" % x for x in line]

produit le noyau:

['0.001', '0.004', '0.008', '0.010', '0.008', '0.004', '0.001']
['0.004', '0.012', '0.024', '0.030', '0.024', '0.012', '0.004']
['0.008', '0.024', '0.047', '0.059', '0.047', '0.024', '0.008']
['0.010', '0.030', '0.059', '0.073', '0.059', '0.030', '0.010']
['0.008', '0.024', '0.047', '0.059', '0.047', '0.024', '0.008']
['0.004', '0.012', '0.024', '0.030', '0.024', '0.012', '0.004']
['0.001', '0.004', '0.008', '0.010', '0.008', '0.004', '0.001']

flou Gaussien en python à l'aide de PIL image de la bibliothèque. Pour plus d'informations lire ce qui suit: http://blog.ivank.net/fastest-gaussian-blur.html

from PIL import Image
import math

# img = Image.open('input.jpg').convert('L')
# r = radiuss
def gauss_blur(img, r):
    imgData = list(img.getdata())

    bluredImg = Image.new(img.mode, img.size)
    bluredImgData = list(bluredImg.getdata())

    rs = int(math.ceil(r * 2.57))

    for i in range(0, img.height):
        for j in range(0, img.width):
            val = 0
            wsum = 0
            for iy in range(i - rs, i + rs + 1):
                for ix in range(j - rs, j + rs + 1):
                    x = min(img.width - 1, max(0, ix))
                    y = min(img.height - 1, max(0, iy))
                    dsq = (ix - j) * (ix - j) + (iy - i) * (iy - i)
                    weight = math.exp(-dsq / (2 * r * r)) / (math.pi * 2 * r * r)
                    val += imgData[y * img.width + x] * weight
                    wsum += weight 
            bluredImgData[i * img.width + j] = round(val / wsum)

    bluredImg.putdata(bluredImgData)
    return bluredImg

 function kernel = gauss_kernel(m, n, sigma)
 % Generating Gauss Kernel

 x = -(m-1)/2 : (m-1)/2;
 y = -(n-1)/2 : (n-1)/2;

 for i = 1:m
     for j = 1:n
         xx(i,j) = x(i);
         yy(i,j) = y(j);
     end
 end

 kernel = exp(-(xx.*xx + yy.*yy)/(2*sigma*sigma));

 % Normalize the kernel
 kernel  = kernel/sum(kernel(:));

 % Corresponding function in MATLAB
 % fspecial('gaussian', [m n], sigma)

// my_test.cpp : Defines the entry point for the console application.
//

#include "stdafx.h"

#include <cmath>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <string>

///q/implementing-gaussian-blur-how-to-calculate-convolution-matrix-kernel-21902/"          ",
    "         ",
    "        ",
    "       ",
    "      ",
    "     ",
    "    ",
    "   ",
    "  ",
    " "
};

static int countSpace(float aValue)
{
    int count = 0;
    int value = (int)aValue;
    while (value > 9)
    {
        count++;
        value /= 10;
    }
    return count;
}

int main() {
    while (1)
    {
        char str1[80]; // window size
        char str2[80]; // sigma
        char str3[80]; // coefficient
        int space;

        int i, ch;
        printf("\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        printf("Start generate Gaussian matrix\n");
        printf("-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        // input window size
        printf("\nPlease enter window size (from 3 to 10) It should be odd (ksize/mod 2 = 1 ) and positive: Exit enter q \n");
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str1[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str1[i] = '"151900920"';
        if (str1[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        int input1 = atoi(str1);
        int window_size = input1 / 2;
        printf("Input window_size was: %d\n", input1);

        // input sigma
        printf("Please enter sigma. Use default press Enter . Exit enter q \n");
        str2[0] = '0';
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str2[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str2[i] = '"151900920"';
        if (str2[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        float input2 = atof(str2);
        float sigma;
        if (input2 == 0)
        {
            // Open-CV sigma � Gaussian standard deviation. If it is non-positive, it is computed from ksize as sigma = 0.3*((ksize-1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8 .
            sigma = 0.3*((input1 - 1)*0.5 - 1) + 0.8;
        }
        else
        {
            sigma = input2;
        }
        printf("Input sigma was: %f\n", sigma);

        // input Coefficient K
        printf("Please enter Coefficient K. Use default press Enter . Exit enter q \n");
        str3[0] = '0';
        for (i = 0; (i < 80) && ((ch = getchar()) != EOF)
            && (ch != '\n'); i++)
        {
            str3[i] = (char)ch;
        }

        // Terminate string with a null character
        str3[i] = '"151900920"';
        if (str3[0] == 'q')
        {
            break;
        }
        int input3 = atoi(str3);
        int cK;
        if (input3 == 0)
        {
            cK = 1;
        }
        else
        {
            cK = input3;
        }
        float sum_f = 0;
        float temp_f;
        int sum = 0;
        int temp;
        printf("Input Coefficient K was: %d\n", cK);

        printf("\nwindow size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK);

        kernel_type kernel2d = produce2dGaussianKernel(window_size, sigma);
        std::cout << std::setprecision(input1) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp_f = cK* kernel2d[row][col];
                sum_f += temp_f;
                space = countSpace(temp_f);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp_f << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %f | delta = %f", sum_f, sum_f - cK);

        // rounding
        printf("\nRecommend use round(): window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK);
        sum = 0;
        std::cout << std::setprecision(0) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp = round(cK* kernel2d[row][col]);
                sum += temp;
                space = countSpace((float)temp);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %d | delta = %d", sum, sum - cK);

        // recommented
        sum_f = 0;
        int cK_d = 1 / kernel2d[0][0];
        cK_d = cK_d / 2 * 2;
        printf("\nRecommend: window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK_d);
        std::cout << std::setprecision(input1) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp_f = cK_d* kernel2d[row][col];
                sum_f += temp_f;
                space = countSpace(temp_f);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp_f << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %f | delta = %f", sum_f, sum_f - cK_d);

        // rounding
        printf("\nRecommend use round(): window size=%d | Sigma = %f Coefficient K = %d\n\n\n", input1, sigma, cK_d);
        sum = 0;
        std::cout << std::setprecision(0) << std::fixed;
        for (int row = 0; row < kernel2d.size(); row++) {
            for (int col = 0; col < kernel2d[row].size(); col++)
            {
                temp = round(cK_d* kernel2d[row][col]);
                sum += temp;
                space = countSpace((float)temp);
                std::cout << gMatChar[space] << temp << ' ';
            }
            std::cout << '\n';
        }
        printf("\n Sum array = %d | delta = %d", sum, sum - cK_d);

    }
}